The Russian military, due to significant equipment losses during failed offensive operations in eastern Ukraine, is using artillery ammunition much faster than its defense industrial base can produce, the Institute for the Study of War (ISW) said in a January 19 report.

"Russian forces have recently expended considerable amounts of equipment on failed offensive efforts in eastern Ukraine and are currently consuming artillery ammunition far faster than Russia's gradually mobilized defense industrial base (DIB) can produce," the institute said in a statement on its website.

ISW believes that enemy forces will be able to conduct regular rotations at the operational level due to the pace of their offensive operations in Ukraine and ongoing crypto-mobilization campaigns, but the occupiers are unlikely to be able to quickly create operational reserves.

At the same time, Ukrainian officials said enemy forces are sending newly produced weapons and ammunition to the front for immediate use, rather than to resupply for future operations.